CHAPTER 3

 

                               RANGES FOR HELICOPTER GUNNERY TRAINING

 

 

A complete helicopter gunnery training program includes range firing and uses training areas or dry-fire ranges to run tacti­cal courses.  Tactical training should be integrated with gunnery training when possible, to provide a more realistic training environment.  This chapter highlights procedures, duties, and responsibili­ties for establishing and operating helicopter gunnery ranges (see AR 385-63).  It also includes administrative and logisti­c re­quire­ments necessary to support range firing.

 

 

                                                    Section I.  Range Requirements

 

 

3-1.         RANGE CONSIDERATIONS

 

Proper preparation is essential to conduct helicopter gunnery tables.  This preparation includes everything from the normal preparations for field training (such as mess and individ­ual equipment) to the basics (such as aircraft, weapons, range facilities, and ammuni­tion). 

 

a.      Resources required for gunnery training, such as ammuni­tion and range time, are expensive and therefore limited.  To ensure a successful training event­, commanders must use these resources fully during every exercise. 

 

b.      Each unit should develop a range firing SOP or annex to the local range SOP.    Range safety should be included in the unit safety SOP. 

 

c.      Effective range administration and operation are crucial to any firing exercise.  Planning should be continuous through­out the training year.  However, once the range training date is set, the S3 will examine the commander's objec­tives and work closely with the master gunner and staff to identify all require­ments.  The S3 will give particu­lar atten­tion to external requirements.

 

d.      To maximize training, the unit should dry fire a table on the assigned range before live fire.

 

(1)      Dry-fire training is most effective when conducted shortly before and during live-fire gunnery.  Con­trol measures peculiar to the range can be identi­fied by dry firing an abbrevi­ated crew table and by becoming familiar with the training scenario.  Dry-fire training will improve the crews' concen­tration on the gunnery tasks during live quali­fica­tion fir­ing.  It will also reduce their concerns about position­ing, range orientation, and range fans.  A thor­ough dry-fire practice will also help the crews to acquire targets.  The master gunner should conduct several dry runs in an aircraft to fine-tune the evalua­tion strategy and ensure targets are in place before live firing begins.

 

(2)      Do not use the actual table VII and VIII target arrays for dry firing.  If crews know exactly where targets are located, their proficiency in target acquisition cannot be evaluated.    

              

3-2.         REALISTIC TRAINING

 

a.      Realism is the most important factor in gunnery train­ing.  Realistic gunnery training can be accomplished by training tough, realistic target acquisition and engagement situations.

 

b.      Scenarios may be incorporated in all gunnery tables.  Each scenario should be tailored to the table.  For example, Tables III and IV may require only a general threat situation and the assignment of individual aircraft firing positions.  Advanced tables may be executed by using a de­tailed battalion-level OPORD and tactical scenario.  Company-level OPORDs may be developed to incorpo­rate all aspects of tactical opera­tions at the company level.  The incorporation of tactical sce­narios into all gunnery events also increases the value of training.  This training may include crews sending spot reports and BDA after each task.

 

c.      Administrative control measures should be kept to the abso­lute minimum required for safety.  Tactical measures should be sub­stituted for admini­strative measures, where appro­priate.  For example, a lateral boundary of a range facility could be briefed as a lateral divisional boundary that may not be crossed.  The barrier to flight still exists, but some artificiality has been removed.  The only necessary administrative con­trol measures may be the verification of the firing aircraft's posi­tion and the orientation of weapons before firing.

 

d.      The final step toward ensuring realistic training is the most important.  With the training tables in this FM, the master gunner can design the target array and scenario for the course.  The target hand­over and briefed threat situation provide the informa­tion re­quired for crews to conduct a real­istic attack.

 

(1)      Firing tables fulfill minimum training require­ments; safety regulations fulfill minimum safety require­ments.

 

(2)      NOE hover-fire routes can be established around the impact area.  These routes may also be used as a target identifi­cation range.  A target array based on the unit's MTP can assist the crew in target identification and detection.  Friendly vehicles may be integrated into the target area during advanced table training to provide aircraft with realistic vehicle identi­fica­tion as part of fratricide prevention training.

 

(3)      Targets to be engaged from the various firing points should vary in range and type.  These targets facilitate training the crew in weapon and ammunition character­istics and ballistics.  Silhouettes should be con­structed to full size.  Targets must have a thermal signa­ture when they are engaged during night-firing exercises by attack heli­copters with thermal sights/target acquisition systems and devices.  Hard targets should be artifi­cially heated.  Plywood silhouettes mounted on target lifters should have the standard Army thermal signature devices.

 

3-3.         OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

 

Some operational requirements require advanced planning.  They include:

 

·      Training objectives.  What is the desired training end s­tate for the unit crews?

 

·      Ammunition ordered and ammunition available.  This ammunition in­cludes rockets and cannon ammunition and return-fire simulators such as ATWESS and Hoffman charges.

 

·      Combined arms integration.  Integration of field artillery, armor, and CAS should be considered for advanced table training.

 

·      Threat.  Incorporation of TRTG or ASET IV equipment for advanced tables should be con­sidered.

 

·      Detailed manpower.  Tasked labor force requirements inter­nal and external to the unit must be identified.

 

·      Briefings.  Prerange briefings on range administra­tion, ammunition handling, and range safety are needed.

 

·      Aerial weapons scoring system.  Is the system available during our scheduled range density?  Has the range been surveyed for AWSS installa­tion?

 

3-4.         RANGE SCHEDULING

 

a.      Most installations hold a G3 range conference annually to sched­ule range time.  Representatives from all units using the range facilities will attend and compete for range time.  Based on the long range calendar the units use (division, corps, or National Guard Training Center), the G3 personnel in charge of the confer­ence provide information such as when units will be de­ployed and in the field.  These conferences schedule range time for the installation range and unit representatives can meet range schedulers from the different units using the range.  Maintaining a point of contact in the range scheduler's office may be important if a short-notice range requirement occurs, and your unit must trade with the occupying unit.

 

b.      When scheduling a range, take into account the amount of time needed to conduct the required training.  Table 3-1 shows an example time sequence for a range densi­ty.  This example has dead-time built into it, and your unit may be able to make up time as the range progresses.  Units should try to sched­ule extra days for maintenance and weather make-ups.  Fourteen days is the minimum to run a gunnery density that includes advanced table training, not including AWSS set-up time.  This example is based on a 24-helicopter AH-64 battalion.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

      DAY

 

         TABLE

 

         COMPANY

 

                  REMARKS

 

        1,2

 

    AWSS Set-up

 

         3

 

VI

 

 

A Company

 

 

A Co. com­pletes Table VI,

B Co. starts Table VI

 

         4

 

VI

 

 

 B Company

 

B Co. com­pletes Table VI,

C Co. starts Table VI

 

         5

 

VI

 

 

C Company

 

 

C Co. com­pletes Table VI, Table VI complete

 

         6

 

VI

VII DAY

 

Makeup

A Company

 

Table VI makeup,

A Co. ready for VII

 

         7

 

VII DAY

VII NIGHT

 

B Company

A Company

 

B Co. first-up,

A Co. completes Table VII

 

         8

 

VII DAY

VII NIGHT

 

C Company

B Company

 

C Co. first-up,

B Co. completes Table VII

 

         9

 

VIII DAY

VII NIGHT

 

A Company

C Company

 

A Co. first-up,

C Co. finishes Table VII

 

        10

 

VIII DAY

VIII NIGHT

 

B Company

A Company

 

B Co. first-up,

A Co. completes Table VIII

 

11

 

 

VIII DAY

VIII NIGHT

 

C Company

B Company

 

C Co. first-up,

B Co. completes Table VIII

 

12

 

 

X (2X)

VIII NIGHT

 

A Company

C Company

 

A Company Table X,

C Co. completes Table VIII

 

        13

 

X (2X)

XII

 

B Company

A Company

 

B Co. X in A.M.

A Co. XII in P.M.

 

        14

 

X (2X)

XII

 

C Company

B Company

 

C Co. X in A.M.

B Co. XII in P.M.

 

        15

 

XII

Make-up/WX

 

C Company

 

 

 

 

        16

 

AWSS Tear-down and range turn-in

 

 

Table 3-1.  Example time sequence for a range density

 

 

 

b.      Maneuver Area.  A maneuver area is required to conduct dry-fire crew and team or company tables.  Its purpose is two-fold.  Without tying up valuable range space, it allows the firing elements to practice tactics, techniques, and procedures, short of actual live firing, required for gunnery training.  Many impact areas will not accommodate firing lanes and surface danger zones large enough for large scale advanced table train­ing.  Companies waiting for their turn to fire on the range can conduct dry-fire training tables away from the range complex. 

 

c.      Facilities Requirements.

 

                        (1)      Preplanning.  A list of range facility require­ments includes all of the permanent and semipermanent fixtures re­quired in the range areas.  To avoid last minute problems, consider facil-ities requirements early, at least 6 months before the projected training.  Give primary attention to:

 

(a)      Alternate emergency airstrips.

 

(b)      Rearm points.

 

(c)      Ammunition holding and storage areas.

 

(d)      Control towers.

 

(e)      Target arrays.

 

(f)       Boresight and harmonization pads and targets.

 

(g)      Emergency safing areas for weapons.

 

(h)      Jettison areas.

 

(i)       Maintenance areas.

(j)       Refuel points.

 

(2)      Construction.  Some facilities may be constructed by engi­neers, and some may be prepared or improved by the unit.  For exam­ple, engineers may be able to install concrete rearm pads for use by helicopter units.  In addition, range control may install target arrays tailored specifically for helicopter gunnery.

 

 

 

 

 

d.      Equipment Requirements.

 

(1)      Preparation.  Consider equipment require­ments during the planning and preparation stage.  Things to consider include:

 

(a)      Number of firing aircraft.

 

(b)      Number of crews to qualify.

 

(c)      Command and control radio nets.

 

(d)      Range control communication nets.

 

(e)      Crash rescue equipment.

 

(f)       Medical evacuation resources.

 

(2)      Adaptation.  This list may be expanded.  Depending on the installation, available fixed facili­ties will vary.  Some equip­ment must come from outside unit resources.  Plan early to avoid problems.

 

e.      Personnel Requirements.

 

(1)      Initial requirements.  Filling person­nel require­ments is as important as filling facilities and equipment re­quire­ments.  The gunnery training program must be integrated with the rest of the unit training calendar to ensure a coordi­nated effort by the unit.  The following are key personnel required to conduct the live-fire range that will require additional prepa­ration:

 

(a)      Range officer in charge.

 

(b)      Range safety officer.

 

(c)      Laser range safety officer.

 

(d)      Master gunner, chief of scoring.

 

(e)      III/V platoon personnel.

 

(f)       AVUM company and attached maintenance person­nel.

 

These preparations are in addition to normal unit functions.  For example, the III/V platoon and the AVUM company conduct operations similar to those found on live-fire ranges during field exercises.  However, the fast tempo of the live-fire range may require more command, control, and communications functions than these ele­ments normal­ly employ.

 

(2)      Training.  The positions listed above are important to the unit's ability to perform the range mission.  These personnel may require special­ized train­ing prior to the range.  This training may include a rehearsal of the conduct of the tables at the range.  In addi­tion, all unit person­nel should be briefed in detail on their specific responsi­bili­ties. 

 

f.       Logistic Requirements.  Long-range forecast­ing and budget­ing are required to ensure the availability of logistical support during the desired training period.  Specifically, POL, ammunition, and armament repair parts require long-term planning and preparation.  Special attention should be paid to budgeting for Class IX Air.

 

g.      Range Operation.  Effective range administra­tion and opera­tion is crucial to any firing exercise.  To conduct effec­tive gunnery ranges, the unit must make a coordinated effort to organize and operate a gunnery range effi­ciently.

 

(1)      Range administration.  Begin organizing a helicop­ter gunnery range by identifying an officer in charge.  The commander will appoint the OIC.  The OIC must be a knowledgeable, responsible officer who can implement safety and training guid­ance during the operation of the range.  The OIC must be familiar with the local range SOP and safety require­ments.  Most ranges are governed by a range control agency, and appropriate range limitations and directives can usually be obtained from that element.   

 

(2)      Range logistics.  An effective range requires a great deal of support.  Most logistical support functions should be coordinated through the S4 in coordina­tion with the Class III/V platoon leader.  These functions must include medical support, mess support, ammunition, maintenance, and transporta­tion for personnel around the range facility.

 

(3)      Range communications.  A minimum of three radio nets are required to operate a helicopter gunnery range:  one net for range operation, one for air traffic control, and a range control net.  Additionally, it is recommend­ed that VHF and UHF radio nets be used in controlling and evalu­ating the firing exercise.  Land lines can be used effectively at the ammunition points, maintenance points, and other facilities on the range.  The S3 section, along with communications person­nel, are respon­sible for communications on the range.

 

(4)      Range organization.  The final step in preparing a range for firing is to organize the assets already mentioned.  Take care to ensure that all resources are placed so that each functions smoothly.  NOTE:  Your unit cannot afford to have time on the range with no aircraft firing.  You must have good communica­tion with the rearm area and the assembly area.  Re­hearse the flow of aircraft prior to the range.

 

                                     Section II.  Personnel Responsibilities And Duties

 

3-5.         OFFICER IN CHARGE

 

A range will not be operated without an OIC.  The OIC is responsible for all range operations.  He supervises range personnel and enforces range safety.  Officers in charge should come from the firing unit's chain of command and operate according to AR 385‑63.  Most major range complexes dic­tate OIC respon­sibili­ties and oper­ate under strict SOPs.

 

NOTE:  The OIC is not the unit commander.  He is the commander's representative.  Units may appoint an alternate OIC to relieve the OIC during rest periods.  This is especially important during heavy day and night firing schedules.

 

a.      Before live-fire operations, the OIC:

 

(1)      Obtains a range briefing from the instal­lation range officer as re­quired by local range regulations.

 

(2)      Obtains clearance to fire from range headquarters and records the time and the name of the person giving the clearance.

 

(3)      Ensures that medical support required by the range SOP is present; the range flag is up; and the range sweep is completed.

 

(4)      Verifies that required personnel and equipment are pres­ent.

 

(5)      Verifies with the FARP ammuni­tion loading by type and amount.

 

(6)      Checks communications and makes sure backup commu­ni­cations are available for live-fire.

 

b.      During live-fire operations, the OIC:                 

 

(1)      Enforces table standards.

 

(2)      Maintains positive communications with ground elements and helicop­ters on the range.

 

(3)      Supervises flight operations and safety procedures.

 

(4)      Observes all range activities to ensure safety and efficiency.

 

(5)      Observes and spot-checks ground operations.

 

(6)      Maintains a duty log.

 

c.      After live-fire operations cease , the OIC:

 

(1)      Closes the range with headquarters.

 

(2)      Verifies that the range is closed and completes reports as required.

 

(3)      Ensures that the flag is removed, the buildings and tower are secure, and all operating areas are policed.

 

(4)      Releases tasked labor details to supervisors when firing is completed, the last helicopter has departed the range, and work is complete.

 

3-6.         RANGE SAFETY OFFICER

 

The RSO ensures safe operation of the range and assists the OIC.  He is familiar with the range SOP and the aircraft and armament emergency plan.  He is also aware of proper storing, handling, and loading of ammunition and fuel and knows the duties of all range personnel.  RSO prerequisites are contained in AR 385‑63.  The RSO:

 

a.      Observes range operation and reports unsafe condi­tions to the OIC.

 

b.      Conducts the safety portion of the range briefing for all range personnel including aircrews, Class III/V person­nel, and mainte­nance personnel, as specified in the unit lesson plan.

 

c.      Inspects the firing line and parking and ammunition-load­ing areas.

 

d.      Ensures that vehicles, equipment, and aircraft are proper­ly positioned for safety.

 

e.      Provides input on the vehicle parking area and the organiza­tion and operation of the refuel/rearm areas.

 

f.       Observes safety procedures during firing and ground opera­tions.

 

g.      Inspects crash and rescue equipment and reports any defi­ciencies in equip­ment or personnel training.

 

h.      Ensures that a preaccident plan is in effect and all affected personnel are aware of it.  Ensures that range control has a copy of the preaccident plan.

 

i.       Observes safety procedures of POL and armament person­nel and checks for any deficiencies in equipment or person­nel.

 

j.       Maintains watch for foreign objects in the parking area or FARP.

 

k.      Ensures that knowledgeable EOD personnel are avail­able.

 

l.       Ensures that a diagram is displayed at the central control point showing the location of all range facili­ties, range fan informa­tion and flight routes, minimum alti­tudes, other impact areas, low-level hazards to flight, and possible caution areas.

 

3-7.         MASTER GUNNER

 

The master gunner is familiar with the unit range SOP, aircraft and armament emergency procedures, and the local accident report­ing procedures.  He ensures that assigned helicopter weapon systems are operated using the pre­scribed procedures and applicable safety precau­tions.  He is familiar with the azimuth, range, and sector azimuth limits of the range.  He knows the standards and is the commander's primary scorer for the gunnery tables.  The master gunner:

 

a.      Observes the operation of the range, reports unsafe conditions to the OIC or RSO.  Captures observations on range operation for the after-action review.

 

b.      Ensures along with the OIC that the helicopters fire the approved scenario within range limits.

 

c.      Ensures that the range is conducted to FM 1-140 stan­dards.

 

d.      Coordinates an evalua­tion cell to score gunnery tables.  Completes required reports and produces required documents.

 

3-8.         LASER RANGE SAFETY OFFICER OR NCO

 

For all laser range operations, unit commanders must designate, train, and certify LRSOs or LRSNCOs.  The LRSO or LRSNCO will:

 

a.      Be familiar with Chapter 19 and Appendix B, AR 385‑63, and the FM and TM applicable to the laser devic­es used.

 

b.      Brief unit personnel who work with laser devices on laser-related hazards, safety devices, and malfunction proce­dures.

 

c.      Know the range fans, including elevations, firing position, and target to be used.

 

d.      Ensure that protective eye wear is used when required.

 

e.      Ensure compliance with unit and range SOPs regarding laser operations and training.

 

f.       Maintain continuous communications with personnel on the range and stop lasing immediately if communications are lost.

 

3-9.         RADIO OPERATORS

 

The radio operators ensure that radios used in the conduct of the range are working proper­ly.  They must be familiar with the range SOP and aircraft and armament emergency plan.

 

3-10.       CLASS III/V OIC OR NCOIC

 

Early in the planning process, the Class III/V OIC or NCOIC coordinates resource requirements to ensure that adequate fuel and ammunition are available for training.  Fuel requirements are based on the estimate of OPTEMPO by the com­mander and S3. DA Pamphlet 350-38 lists ammunition requirements.

 

a.      In addition, they conduct classes in coordination with the master gunner to edu­cate the unit air and ground crews on identi­fying and properly loading ammu­nition.  These classes can be held both before and during range operations. 

 

b.      The Class III/V platoon establishes the FARP and coordi­nates the drawing, transportation, storage, and dispersal of ammunition and explo­sive devices on the range.  The platoon leader ensures that each air­craft receives the prescribed load of ammuni­tion.  The platoon leader also develops a plan for disposal of nonfunc­tion­al ammuni­tion and ensures that re­stricted or suspended lots are not used in train­ing.  The Class III/V platoon leader or platoon sergeant reviews and enforces the following safety precautions:

 

(1)      Personnel must approach and depart the vicinity of the helicopter from the side and only after visual approval from the pilot in the helicopter.

(2)      The last person to leave the vicinity of the helicopter gives an "all clear" signal to the pilot.

 

(3)      Personnel remain clear of loaded weapon danger areas at all times.

 

(4)      The weapon system is secured before anyone enters or leaves the helicopter or as directed by the pilot.

 

(5)      Personnel remain clear of weapon system areas during boresighting.

 

(6)      The weapon systems are checked only when the master arm switch is in the SAFE position as directed in the appro­priate TM.

 

(7)      Smoking is not allowed within 50 feet of ammunition or the helicopter.

 

(8)      Personnel use available protective devices such as hear­ing protectors.

 

(9)      Loose equipment near the arming pads are secure before helicopter take-off or landing.

 

(10)    Ammunition casings and dunnage are policed and turned in.

 

(11)    Class III/V accounts are closed out, and the FARP is cleared as required.

 

NOTE:  FARP operations are covered in FMs 1-104, 1-112, 1-114, 1-116, and 1-117.

 

 

                                       Section III.  Helicopter Gunnery Range Safety

 

3-11.       GROUND SAFETY

 

Ground support personnel must be constantly aware of the dangers involved in live-fire training.  The training of support person­nel in ammunition care and handling is a continuous process at the unit level. All ammunition storage, handling, and basic safety procedures will follow guidelines found in ARs 385-62, 385-63, and 385-64; local regulations and/or the range SOP; and the unit SOP.  Ammunition characteris­tics are described in Chapter 5.  Ground personnel must also be trained in the proce­dures for working near operating helicopters.  Ammunition loading areas may be sepa­rate from refueling areas.  In addition, support personnel should be drilled on emergency situa­tions related to their duties. The rules for ground safety are as follows:

 

a.      Personnel must avoid main and tail rotors, turret weapon systems, and wing store fore and aft blast areas during aircraft operation.

 

b.      Personnel will approach the helicopter from the 90-degree side position only after receiving visual approval from the aircrew.

 

c.      The helicopter will not be moved until an armorer moves out of the main rotor arc at the 90-degree side position and signals "all clear."

 

d.      Before departing the arming or dearming area for the home station, sup­port personnel will remove all ammunition from the helicopter, and the pilot-in-command will check the aircraft to make sure it is indeed safe and cleared of all ammunition.

 

e.      The helicopter must be grounded before any mainte­nance is performed and before the aircrew enters or exits the helicop­ter.

 

f.       All personnel working on or near the helicopter will have their sleeves rolled down.       

 

g.      All personnel will use proper sight/eye and hearing/ear protection.

 

h.      During night operations, ground personnel will carry a flashlight or similar lighted device when working near the helicopter.

 

i.       To maintain communications between the aircrew and armorers servicing the armament subsystems, personnel should use the intercom system and practice common hand signals.  Figures 3-1 and 3-2 show ground hand signals.

 

3-12.       FIRING SAFETY

 

Range safety requirements for firing helicopter weapon systems are contained in ARs 385‑62 and 385‑63. 

 

a.      Safety requirements for firing are as follows:

 

(1)      Individual weapons are properly inspected.

 

(2)      Clearance is received from the OIC or his represen­tative before arming weapons.

 

(3)      Weapons are pointed downrange and within range fan limits.

 

(4)      Ground personnel are not in front of the weapons or in the backblast area.

 

(5)      No other aircraft are within the surface danger area.

 

(6)      Weapons are not fired closer than the minimum safe slant range.

 

(7)      Laser range finders and designators are considered and controlled as weapons.

 

b.      The rules for firing safety are as follows:

 

(1)      During range operations, armament subsystems will be pointed downrange or away from populat­ed ar­eas, whenever possible.

 

(2)      Armament subsystems are considered safe for range traffic pattern opera­tions under safe or standby conditions.  (See NOTE below.)

 

(3)      Armament subsystems may be placed in the ARM posi­tion if the helicopter is pointed downrange at the firing point and no other aircraft are in the sur­face danger zone. (Laterally parked helicopters may be cleared for forma­tion firing and team training.)

 

(4)      Operating and positioning the arming switch is the PC's responsibility.

 

NOTE:  Refer to the appropriate aircraft operator's manual for proper aircraft weapons safing techniques.  Instanc­es may occur when the master arm switch is in the safe position, but the weapon may still be functional and dangerous to ground crews.

 

Figure 3-1.  Ground hand signals

 

Figure 3-2.  Ground hand signals (continued)

 

3-13.       AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY PLAN

 

The aircraft emergency plan prescribes the procedures to be followed if an aircraft emergency (accident, incident, or inadvertent firing) occurs during range firing.  The aircraft emer­gency plan should provide for immedi­ate accident notifica­tion to the OIC and RSO.  The range OIC will en­sure that mishaps are reported according to local policies.

 

 

                                                        Section IV.  Range Layout

 

3-14.       CONSIDERATIONS

 

a.      Construct firing lanes so targets are clear of obstructions and clearly visible to aircrews.  To facili­tate bore­sighting and emergency situations, the first 500 meters of a firing lane should be clear and relatively flat.

 

b.      The start-fire line must be clearly marked and visible from the air.  For control purposes, the start-fire line should be visible from the range tower or control point.  Landing pads on the firing line should be clearly marked for both day and night landings.  In addition, range limits must be clearly visible to aircrews and controllers.

 

c.      Specifications for suitable helicopter gunnery range targets are contained in TC 25-8.  By referring to the gunnery tables, the proper target silhouettes for each engagement can be manufactured and placed on the range.  Do not settle for targets that are not full scale.  Reduced scale targets degrade target acquisition by the aircrew.

 

3-15.       MULTIPURPOSE RANGE COMPLEX

 

Multipurpose ranges are fully automated and instrumented with state-of-the-art targets and controlling devices.  MPRCs are primarily de­signed for armored and mechanized infantry, but they can accommodate helicopter gunnery.  Command­ers should plan their gunnery programs to inte­grate helicop­ter gunnery into combined arms training.  TC 25‑8 contains more information on training in a multipurpose range complex.

 

a.      The MPRC consists of an area approximately 1,000 meters by 4,500 meters.  It employs remote target systems and stationary and moving targets.

 

b.      Helicopters are restricted to specific firing points, altitudes, and ranges.

 

c.      If live-fire, non-dud-producing ammunition, and MILES/AGES laser engagements are used, the MPRC can support training as outlined in AR 350‑1 and FM 25‑100.

 

3-16.       AERIAL WEAPONS SCORING SYSTEM

 

a.      The Aerial Weapon Scoring System  (AWSS) is an assemblage of computer controlled sensors that can accurately score cannon, machinegun, and rocket engagements.  With the integration of the Laser Aim Scoring System (LASS), the system also has the capability to "score" autonomous or remote laser designators used in conjunction with the Hellfire training missile.  The USAREUR AWSS currently has LASS.  The two CONUS AWSS are scheduled to have LASS integration by the 4th quarter of FY 2000.  The AWSS is mobile and can be transported in trailer sized enclosures to installations or training areas approved for AWSS operations.  The AWSS(s) are contractor maintained and operated through contract administration by the Logistics Directorate of STRICOM. 

 

b.      There are currently three systems in operation, they were fielded in the 1990-91 timeframe.  Two systems are available to support AC and RC units in CONUS and USARPAC and one system is dedicated to support units in USAREUR.  An Operational Requirement Document (ORD) for three additional systems (with enhanced operational capabilities to be applied to all systems) was approved by TRADOC in 1995.  However, procurement funding has not been made available by DA. 

 

              c.      Request for AWSS support is made though MACOMs or the National Guard Bureau.  FORSCOM, USARPAC, and USAR units will request the AWSS through the FORSCOM Aviation Office.  National Guard units will request the AWSS through their Aviation Liaison Office at FORSCOM.  Units in USAREUR schedule the AWSS through 7th Army Training Command.  The AWSS is not compatible with high-explosive service ammunition, only training munitions may be used with the system.

 

d.      A range survey, to determine sensor locations with respect to targets and/or target effect areas, must be conducted prior to AWSS operations.  Normally, the contrac­tor will survey a range only once unless new targets are installed or moved. 

 

e.      The AWSS consists of a ballistic scoring subsystem (cannon, machinegun), rocket scoring subsystem (point detonating and MPSM), laser designator scoring (used with the Hellfire training missile), and computer control subsystem.

 

(1)      Ballistic Scoring Subsystem (BSS).  The BSS consists of doppler radar sensors located in front of the target.  These sensors count 7.62-mm, 20‑mm, 30-mm, and .50-caliber hits and transmit hit informa­tion, via radio data link, to the control subsystem.

 

(2)      Detonation Scoring Subsystem (DSS).  The DSS con­sists of acoustical sensors located at surveyed points with respect to the rocket TEA.  The sensors detect detonations of training rockets and rocket submunitions and locate their points of impact in the target effect area.  This infor­ma­tion is transmitted to the computer control subsystem for processing and tabulation. 

 

(3)      Laser Aim Scoring System (LASS).  The LASS is the result of an Engineering Change Proposal (ECP) applied to the AWSS in order to "score" the tactical laser designator when used in conjunction with the captive Hellfire training missile.  It detects the location and intensity of laser energy striking a target's surface.  Within this operation it also measures (times) the duration of energy on the target and detects laser underspill and/or overspill.  (At the time of this writing, Apr 99, the USAREUR AWSS has an operational LASS , the two CONUS based AWSS are currently undergoing LASS retrofit which is expected to be completed within 8-10 months).   

 

(4)      Computer Scoring Subsystem (CSS).  The CSS con­sists of processor units and monitors located in an environmental enclosure (usually a trailer) near the range control tower.  The scoring ­system receives information from the ball­istics and rocket scoring sub­systems via a communications data link, processes that informa­tion, and displays the results visually and provides hard copy for the Master Gunner and/or Commander.

 

f.       There are some system characteristics and associated scoring limitations with the current generation AWSS.  It is strongly recommended that the battalion or squadron Master Gunner arrange a briefing to be given by the AWSS Site Manager to the aircraft crews prior to any firing.  This is particularly so if the unit has never used the AWSS or if a majority of the crews are not familiar with the AWSS.   

 

               g.      As indicated in paragraph b., above, an ORD has been approved for additional systems and upgrades to the existing systems.  The ORD addresses limitations with the current AWSS and the required capabilities for improved performance with the next generation systems. .

 

 

 

            h.      Alternate Scoring Method  (ASM)

 

(1)   Units that are to conduct Table VII/VIII gunnery will make an honest and authentic attempt to schedule the AWSS. 

(2)   A request for ASM will only be recognized when the AWSS is not available to the firing unit.

(3)   An ASM will only be approved by USAAVNC per a specific range, and a copy will be maintained at USAAVNC and at the installation / unit.

(4)   Any ASM must, at a minimum, meet the following criteria:

(a)  Provide scoring coverage of the entire TEA for rocket engagements, or target/target array for cannon/machinegun engagements.

(b)  Be continuously observable, if a visual/audio-visual method is used.

(c)  Be recordable in video or on paper.

(5)  Contact the USAAVNC Directorate of Training, Doctrine, and Simulation                                   (DOTDS) Helicopter Gunnery Section  @ DSN 558-2755/2691 or commercial                              (334) 255-2755/2691 to initiate a request for an ASM.

  

3-17.       ATTACK HELICOPTER GUNNERY RANGE

 

a.      The AHGR is designed to allow an attack heli­copter battalion or cavalry squadron to conduct company-level helicopter gunnery operations.  While this range complex does not currently exist, it is being reviewed for possible future con­struction.  An example attack helicopter gunnery range is shown in Figure 3-3.

 

 

 

Figure 3-3.  Attack helicopter gunnery range

 

b.      The proposed maneuver and firing box for the AHGR is 3,000 meters wide by 2,000 meters long.  The adjacent target area is 3,000 meters wide by 10,000 meters long.  The purpose of a firing area this size is to allow an entire attack company or air cavalry troop to navigate, maneuver, and conduct live‑fire training.  The AHGR will allow crews to shoot current munitions at maximum ranges.

 

c.      The purpose of the AHGR is for units to deploy to the training area and be objectively evaluated on helicopter gunnery proficiency on the fully instru­mented AHGR.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Section V.  Successful Training

 

3-18.       GUIDES TO SUCCESSFUL TRAINING

 

a.      Brief Key Personnel.  Before moving to the training site, the S3 and master gunner should brief key person­nel in setting up the site and on how to react to problems that may occur during setup. 

 

b.      Start on Time.  The training site should be ready and the commu­ni­cations set up early so that crews can begin firing on time.  Plan operations for no interruptions of train­ing for maintenance on the range until a prearranged time or normal shutdown time.  Sufficient targets must be available to complete all scheduled training before the scheduled break.  Short breaks to replace damaged targets are unavoidable.  Try to minimize down-time.  Range control must have plenty of backup targets ready for use.

 

c.      Keep a Log.  The OIC will maintain an accurate log or staff journal.  A log will help keep the OIC better informed of dry- and live-firing times and other important events.  As a minimum, the log should contain the following entries:

 

(1)      When the unit occupied the range.

 

(2)      When permission was re­ceived from range control for live-fire.

 

(3)      The name of the person at range control granting permission to fire.

 

(4)      When the range was in a cease-fire status and the reason for cease-fire.

 

(5)      When the range was reopened.

 

(6)      Locations and times of stray impacts.

 

(7)      Crew identification and table fired--start and stop times.  (It is critical that the OIC keep track of which crews have fired.)

 

(8)      Reason for incomplete tables such as maintenance, unex­plod­ed ordnance, and weather.

 

(9)      When the unit cleared and departed the range.

 

(10)    Shift changes.

 

(11)    VIPs or senior officers visiting the range.

 

d.      Change Guards.  Prepare a plan to check and change guards fre­quent­ly.  Make sure that each guard is briefed on his job and its importance.  Ensure the guard understands the instructions.

 

e.      Control Fires.  During the dry season, danger of grass and brush fires exists.  Be prepared to quickly control fires and have a plan to evacuate aircraft, if fires spread.

 

f.       Police Continuously.  Keep your range area clean at all times.  Police the range area continu­ously to avoid lengthy cleanup during range turn-in.  This will also pay dividends in FOD prevention.

 

g.      Brief Visitors.  Senior officers may arrive on the range unan­nounced.  Have a plan for briefing visitors on the range opera­tion.  Designate a briefing officer or NCO.

 

(1)      Build a professional, concise range briefing book.  It should contain the follow­ing information:

 

(a)      Names, ranks and phone numbers (to include beeper and cellular phone) of the unit chain of command and key range personnel.

 

(b)      Training objectives for the range.

 

(c)      Schedule for range training.

 

(d)      A short memo outlining the objectives and standards for the training.

 

(e)      MOI for the range.

 

(f)       Diagrams of the firing points.

 

(g)      A copy of FM 1-140.

 

(2)      Ensure the briefing officer or NCO knows what actions to take with the visitor.

 

h.      Plan Aircraft Evacuation.  The AVUM commander must have a plan to evacuate disabled or damaged aircraft from the range and the rearm/refuel area.  A precau­tionary landing on the range or in the FARP can stop firing for a long time unless a plan is in place to remove the aircraft.