*FM 3-04.301 (FM 1-301)

Field Manual
No. 3-04.301 Headquarters
Department of the Army
Washington, DC, 29 September 2000

FM 3-04.301

Aeromedical Training for Flight Personnel

	PREFACE
Chapter 1	TRAINING PROGRAMS
	Training Requirements
	Aeromedical Training in Specific Courses
	Hypobaric Refresher Training
	Special Training by Other Services
	Unit Training
	Responsibilities
	Revalidation and Waiver
	Training Record
Chapter 2	ALTITUDE PHYSIOLOGY
	Section I — Atmosphere
	Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere
	Structure of the Atmosphere
	Composition of the Atmosphere
	Atmospheric Pressure
	Physiological Zones of the Atmosphere
	Section II — Circulatory System
	Structure and Function of the Circulatory System
	Components and Functions of Blood
	Section III — Respiratory System
	The Processes of Breathing and Respiration
	Functions of Respiration
	Phases of External Respiration
	Components of the Respiratory System
	Section IV — Hypoxia
	Characteristics of Hypoxia
	Types of Hypoxia
	Signs, Symptoms, and Susceptibility to Hypoxia
	Effects of Hypoxia
	Stages of Hypoxic Hypoxia
	Prevention of Hypoxic Hypoxia
	Treatment of Hypoxia
	Section V — Hyperventilation
	Characteristics of Hyperventilation
	Causes of Hyperventilation
	Signs and Symptoms of Hyperventilation
	Treatment of Hyperventilation
	Section VI — Pressure-Change Effects
	Dysbarism
	Trapped-Gas Disorders
	Evolved-Gas Disorders
Chapter 3	STRESS AND FATIGUE IN FLYING OPERATIONS
	Stress Defined
	Identifying Stressors
	The Stress Response
	Stress and Performance
	Stress Management
	Fatigue
	Effects of Fatigue on Performance
	Diurnal (Circadian) Rhythms and Fatigue
	The Sleep Cycle
	Sleep Requirements
	Prevention of Fatigue
	Treatment of Fatigue
Chapter 4	GRAVITATIONAL FORCES
	Terms of Acceleration
	Types of Acceleration
	Gravitational Forces
	Factors Affecting Accelerative Forces
	Physiological Effects of Low-Magnitude Acceleration
	Physiological Effects of +Gz Acceleration
	Physiological Effects of -Gz Acceleration
	Physiological Effects of +/-Gz Acceleration
	Physiological Effects of +/-Gy Acceleration
	Physiological Effects of High-Magnitude Acceleration and Deceleration
	Preventive Measures
Chapter 5	TOXIC HAZARDS IN AVIATION
	Section I — Aviation Toxicology Principles
	Environment
	Acute Toxicity
	Chronic Toxicity
	Time and Dose Relationship
	Physiochemical Factors
	Entry Points
	Preexisting Conditions
	Individual Variability
	Allowable Degree of Bodily Impairment
	Body Detoxification
	Section II — Aircraft Atmosphere Contamination
	Contamination Overview
	Exhaust Gases
	Carbon Monoxide
	Aviation Gasoline
	Tetraethyl Lead in Aviation Gasoline
	Jet Propulsion Fuels
	Hydraulic Fluid Vapors
	Coolant Fluid Vapors
	Engine Lubricants
	Fire-Extinguishing Agents
	Fluorocarbon Plastics
	Oxygen Contamination
	Protective Measures
Chapter 6	EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE EXTREMES ON THE HUMAN BODY
	Section I — Heat in the Aviation Environment
	Heat Effects
	Heat Transfer
	Performance Impairment
	Heat-Stress Prevention
	In-Flight Heat-Stress Reduction
	Section II — Cold
	Cold Effects in the Aviation Environment
	Types and Treatment of Cold Injury
	Cold-Injury Prevention
Chapter 7	NOISE AND VIBRATION IN ARMY AVIATION
	Noise Characteristics and Effects
	Sound and Vibrational Measurement
	Noise and Hearing Levels
	Vibrational Effects
	Hearing Loss
	Hearing Protection and Reduction of Vibrational Threat
	Preventive Measures
Chapter 8	PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS OF VISION
	Visual Deficiencies
	Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye
	Types of Vision
	Factors Affecting Object Visibility
	Dark Adaptation
	Night-Vision Protection
	Night-Vision Techniques
	Distance Estimation and Depth Perception
	Visual Illusions
	Meteorological Conditions and Night Vision
	Self-Imposed Stress and Vision
	Nerve Agents and Night Vision
	Flight Hazards
	Protective Measures
	Principles of Proper Vision
Chapter 9	SPATIAL DISORIENTATION
	Common Terms of Spatial Disorientation
	Types of Spatial Disorientation
	Equilibrium Maintenance
	Visual Illusions
	Vestibular Illusions
	Proprioceptive Illusions
	Prevention of Spatial Disorientation
	Treatment of Spatial Disorientation
Chapter 10	OXYGEN EQUIPMENT AND CABIN PRESSURIZATION
	Oxygen Systems
	Storage Systems
	Oxygen Regulators
	Oxygen Masks
	Oxygen-Equipment Checklist
	Cabin Pressurization
Appendix	HYPOBARIC CHAMBER FLIGHT PROFILES
	GLOSSARY
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
	AUTHENTICATION

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 3-04.301 (1-301), 29 May 1987.

FM 3-04.301

Aeromedical Training for Flight Personnel

Table of Contents